The oceans absorb ~25% of the annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This causes a shift in the marine carbonate chemistry termed ocean acidification (OA). OA is expected to influence metabolic processes in phytoplankton species but it is unclear how the combination of individual physiological changes alters the structure of entire phytoplankton communities. To investigate this, we deployed ten pe...

The purpose of this investigation was to study the physiological and psychological states of 16 tennis players (8 males, 8 females) during the day of the first match of a tennis tournament and their relation to performance. Athletes completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, including both intensity and direction subscales prior to the first match and collected saliva for cortisol ana...

Social interactions leading to dominance hierarchies often elicit psychological disorders in mammals including harassment and anxiety. Here, we demonstrate that this sequence also occurs in an invertebrate, the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. When placed in the restricted space of an aquarium, crayfish dyads generally fight until one of the opponents suddenly escapes, thereafter clearly expressin...

As economists have known since Adam Smith, free trade should benefit all nations by allowing them to take advantage of gains from specialization.1 Indeed, the benefits of trade are supposed to justify unilateral liberalization: as the late British economist Joan Robinson once remarked, if your trading partner throws rocks into his harbor, that is no reason to throw rocks into your own. While un...

This paper revisits the licensing of a non–drastic process innovation by an outside innovator to a Cournot oligopoly. We propose a new mechanism that combines a restrictive license auction with royalty licensing. This mechanism is more profitable than standard license auctions, auctioning royalty contracts, fixed–fee licensing, pure royalty licensing, and two-part tariffs. The key features are ...

AIM It has been shown previously that chronic social defeat stress produces development of strong anxiety and increases intensity of experimental metastasis in the losers in comparison with the winners and control mice. The question was: is it possible to decrease the number of metastases in the losers by chronic or acute diazepam treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sensory contact model was use...

In many animal species including humans circulating androgen levels in males respond to social challenges. This response has been interpreted as an adaptive mechanism that helps the individuals to adjust their behavior to changes in social context. According to this hypothesis socially modulated androgen levels (e.g. increased levels in dominants and decreased levels in subordinates) would infl...

Developing systems exhibit robust and tolerant properties in the form of compensation and competition within cell groups. Fundamentally, these behaviors are governed by mechanisms that elicit proliferation and apoptosis. Recent insights from the Drosophila system implicate new determinants that specify "winners" and "losers" in this process.