an attempt was made to develop a method for sizing stable riprap around bridge piers based on a huge amount of experimental data, which is available in the literature. all available experimental data for circular as well as round-nose-and-tail rectangular piers were collected. the data for rectangular piers, with different aspect ratios, aligned with the flow or skewed at different angles to th...

Ice cover is a natural phenomenon unique to rivers in cold regions, and its existence one of the reasons for collapse structural foundations bridge piers across rivers. In order understand influence different scouring environments on hydrodynamics sand bed morphology local scour holes around pier foundations, this paper simulates dynamic evolution process tandem combination under open-flow ice-...

4-legged bridge steel truss piers provide support for gravity, transverse, and longitudinal lateral loads of bridges. Allowing a controlled rocking response for seismic resistance of 4-legged truss piers requires the development of design equations considering ground motions in two horizontal directions and vertical excitation. First, the static kinematic and hysteretic bi-directional behavior ...