Bulbar conjunctival plexus a superficial plexus of fine vessels overlying and freely moveable over the episclera. Mainly arteries, when inflamed they are bright red. Episcleral plexus straight radially arranged vessels in the superficial episclera. Mainly veins, they are also moveable over the deep layers (although less easily than the bulbar conjunctival vessels). When inflamed they give the e...

An elderly woman undergoing treatment for organizing pneumonia and Graves’s disease complained of severe headache after a reduction of her oral prednisolone dose (5 mg/ day to 2.5 mg/day). Although her headache resolved spontaneously, it recurred with severe ophthalmalgia and she showed bloodshot eyes. Enhanced MRI revealed a thickened dura mater with a contrast effect (Picture A and C: coronal...

Though inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a specific predilection for the intestinal tract, it is a systemic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple organs, including the eye. Ocular complications directly related to IBD are categorized as primary and secondary. Primary complications are usually temporally associated with IBD exacerbations and tend to resolve with systemic treatment of the i...

INTRODUCTION Cogan's Syndrome is typically characterised by a non syphilitic interstitial keratitis (IK), with or without conjunctivitis, iritis or subconjunctival bleeding and progressive sensorineural hearing loss within two years of ocular signs. Atypical ocular manifestations include episcleritis, scleritis, posterior scleritis, retinal artery occlusion, choroiditis, retinal vasculitis, and...