background: amplification of her2 is seen in 20-30% of breast cancer cases. measurement of her2 gene amplification appears to be of vital importance in planning the treatment schedule for patients with breast carcinoma. the aim of our study was to evaluate her2 amplification status in malignant and benign breast tumors by differential pcr (dpcr). materials and methods: the genomic dna was extra...

Blood samples were obtained from 38 wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) at two sites in Ireland and subjected to PCR analysis of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing. Two fragments of the 18S rRNA gene were generated by two different PCR protocols and subsequent sequencing suggested that at least six of the deer were infected by a babesia that, in those loci, is indistinguishable from Babesia di...

avian intestinal spirochaetosis (ais) is a condition arising from colonization of the caeca and colon of birds with anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus brchyspira. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate pcr amplification from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue method for detecting infected laying hens with brachyspira pilosicoli  with the same primers that have been used for det...

Hepatozoon species are protozoan parasites that infect some animals such as birds, reptiles, amphibians, and carnivores. Previous studies performed on canine hepatozoonosis in Iran have never used molecular techniques for diagnosis of this disease. The main objective of the present study was to detect Hepatozoon canis in the blood of dogs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and sequenc...

background: there is a conserved portion in the 16s rrna gene of bacteria which can be amplified by the universal pcr method. this fragment is 996 bp in length. in this method, only one set of universal primers is used for the amplification of the conserved region of the 16s rrna gene, in common bacterial pathogens. therefore, using the universal pcr method, these bacteria are detectable only b...

The diversity of small eukaryotes (0.2 to 5 mum) in a mesotrophic lake (Lake Bourget) was investigated using 18S rRNA gene library construction and fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (TSA-FISH). Samples collected from the epilimnion on two dates were used to extend a data set previously obtained using similar approaches for lakes with a range of trophic...

An 840-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene was used to identify Cryptosporidium spp. recovered from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and -uninfected patients from Kenya, Malawi, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam. Initial identification was by Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining. Confirmation was by nested PCR, targeting the most polymorphic region of the 18S rRNA gene. Genotyping was...