Rapid sand filters are very common in all conventional water treatment plants. Capping of existing rapid can be the promising method improving performance filters. is process which upper bed layer few cm replaced with capping material. However, this technique limited India due to unavailability filter materials apart from sand. Some suitable for anthracite coal, PVC granules, bituminous broken ...

Fluidized-bed bioreactors (FBBR’s) offer a promising alternative to existing treatment technologies for the treatment of water contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The objective of this research was to test a laboratory-scale FBBR for removal of trichloroethene (TCE) from groundwater and to study the FBBR kinetic behavior so that field-scale treatment systems could be designed. Phenol was se...

Nature-based solutions and similar natural water retention measures to manage urban runoff are often implemented by cities in order reduce peaks, catch pollutants, improve sustainability. However, the performance of these stormwater management is relatively rarely assessed detail prior their construction, or monitored evaluated following implementation. The objective this study was investigate ...

A new species of abertellid sand dollar, Abertella miskellyi n. sp., is described from the Miocene Camarones Formation of Patagonia, southern Argentina. The new taxon corroborates the existence of the genus in South America, given that Abertella is most common in the southeastern USA and the eastern coast of Central America. It is characterized by a unique basicoronal circle, in which the inter...

The River Yläneenjoki catchment in southwest Finland is an area with a high agricultural nutrient load. We report here on the nutrient removal performance of three on-site lime-sand filters (F1, F2, and F3), established within or on the edge of the buffer zones. The filters contain burnt lime (CaO) or spent lime [CaO, Ca(OH), and CaCO]. Easily soluble lime results in a high pH level (>11) and l...

During October and November 1955 a bottom faunal study was undertaken at 19 localities in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The number of animals ranged from 1,064 to 12,576/m2 with a mean number of 4,430. In comparison with certain other areas these numbers appeared small and seemed to be due to the relatively low concentrations of chemical nutrients and modest primary production of the region. Two...

We have come to divide bacteria and viruses into filterable and nonfilterable, and we have come to think that those organisms, visible or invisible, which are smaller than the pores of our filter are filterable. That size, however, cannot be the sole criterion we have known from the behavior of certain aniline dyes.* Thus Victoria blue, a basic dye, will not pass a Berkefeld filter while Congo ...

Viral transport in deep-bed sand filters was studied by a new method that enables rapid and simple quantitation of labeled viruses. The residence time distribution (RTD) of viruses in the bed was compared to the RTD of a fluorescein dye under conditions that simulate a filter run. The characteristics of the RTD curves for the free dye and the labeled bacteriophages followed very different trend...

Organisms with external fertilization are often sperm limited, and in echinoids, larger eggs have a higher probability of fertilization than smaller eggs. This difference is thought to be a result of the more frequent sperm-egg collisions experienced by larger targets. Here we report how two components of egg target size, the egg cell and jelly coat, contributed to fertilization success in a se...