This paper documents a significant impact of climate variation on urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily in arid countries. By lowering farm incomes, reduced moisture availability encourages migration to nearby cities, while wetter conditions slow it. The paper also provides evidence for ruralurban linkages. In countries where cities are starting to develop an industrial base, reduced mo...

The encoding of cities into non-planar dual graphs reveals their complex structure. We investigate the statistics of the typical space syntax measures for the five different compact urban patterns. Universal statistical behavior of space syntax measures uncovers the universality of the city creation mechanism. 1 Paradigm of a city Although, nowadays the majority of people live in cities [1] the...

The refer and policy implications of “the separation of three rights” can promote the management right of rural land transfer orderly. Based on the 486 questionnaire data of 17 cities in Shandong Province, we use Logistic model make empirical analysis on the impact of “the separation of three rights” to the management right of rural land. The results prove that the policy of “the separation of ...

BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is found worldwide, but distribution of its genotypes as well as clinical expression of human toxoplasmosis varies across the continents. Several studies in Europe, North America and South America argued for a role of genotypes in the clinical expression of human toxoplasmosis. Genetic data concerning T. gondii isolates from Africa are scarce and not sufficient to i...

information & communication technology(ict) is regarded as a means to rural sustainable development in order to reduce poverty, bridge the digital divide and prevent the migration of people from rural areas to cities. to achieve these goals and to deliver governmental services and other essential services needed by rural communities, ten thousand rural ict centers with an investment of $ 280 mi...

In the past, immunization programmes have focused primarily on rural areas. However, with the recognition of the increasing numbers of urban poor, it is timely to review urban immunization activities. This update addresses two questions: Is there any need to be concerned about urban immunization and, if so, is more of the same kind of rural EPI activity needed or are there specific urban issues...

Cities are well known to be hotter than the rural areas that surround them; this phenomenon is called the urban heat island.Heat waves are excessively hot periods duringwhich the air temperatures of both urban and rural areas increase significantly. However, whether urban and rural temperatures respond in the sameway to heat waves remains a critical unanswered question. In this study, a combina...

Some thoughts are presented on the inter-relation between beauty and truth in science in general and theoretical physics in particular. Some conjectural procedures that can be used to create new ideas, concepts and results are illustrated in both Boltzmann-Gibbs and nonextensive statistical mechanics. The sociological components of scientific progress and its unavoidable and benefic controversi...