Fiscal considerations and commitment drive the choice of monetary policy regime, especially for developing countries. I survey the fiscal foundations of price determination, and study the maximize-inflation-tax, interest rate rule, peg and currency board, and dollarization regime. Since nominal debt acts like equity for the government, the dollarization question is like the question whether a f...

In this paper, we survey efforts devoted to discovering interesting exceptions from data in data mining. An exception differs from the rest of data and thus is interesting and can be a clue for further discoveries. We classify methods into exception instance discovery, exception rule discovery, and exception structured-rules discovery and give a condensed and comprehensive introduction.

OBJECTIVES To explore whether the rule of law is a foundational determinant of health that underlies other socioeconomic, political and cultural factors that have been associated with health outcomes. SETTING Global project. PARTICIPANTS Data set of 96 countries, comprising 91% of the global population. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The following health indicators, infant mortali...

Fuzzy systems based on sparse rule bases produce the conclusion through approximation. This paper is the first part of a longer survey that aims to provide a qualitative view through the presentation of the basic ideas and characteristics of some methods and defining a general condition set brought together from an applicationoriented point of view.

To deal with severe drought when water supply is insufficient hedging rule, based on hedging rule curve, is proposed. In general, in discrete hedging rules, the rationing factors have changed from a zone to another zone at once. Accordingly, this paper is an attempt to improve the conventional hedging rule to control the changes of rationing factors. In this regard, the simulation model has emp...

There are many methods introduced to solve the credit scoring problem such as support vector machines, neural networks and rule based classifiers. Rule bases are more favourite in credit decision making because of their ability to explicitly distinguish between good and bad applicants.In this paper multi-objective particle swarm is applied to optimize fuzzy apriori rule base in credit scoring. ...