The 1990 Rudbar earthquake (Mw 7.3) broke along three right-stepping segments of the left-lateral fault, in western Alborz mountains (Iran), producing ?80 km surface rupture. Previously reported horizontal (?60 cm) field offsets were surprisingly low, and vertical (?95 unexpected, given relatively large moment release, shallow source depth, fault geometry, rake. We characterize displacement fro...

Persian juniper and Pistachio are grown in low density in the rangelands of North-East of Iran. These rangelands are populated by evergreen conifers, which are widespread and present at low-density and sparse shrub of pistachio in Iran, that are not only environmentally but also genetically essential as seed sources for pistachio improvement in orchards. Rangelands offer excellent opportunities...

Reliable measures of biomass, species composition, nitrogen status, and nutritive value provide important indicators the status pastures rangelands, allowing managers to make informed decisions. Traditional methods sample collection necessitate significant investments in time labor. Proximal sensing technologies have potential collect more data with a smaller investment However, protocols for c...

The rangelands of the Mongolian Plateau are dynamic social-ecological systems that are influenced by a complex network of drivers, including climate, social institutions, market forces and broad scale policies affecting land tenure. These factors are linked via feedbacks and often exhibit non-linear relationships. The sustainability and resilience of rangelands in this region are dependent on t...

the establishment of rational balance between number of users and productivity capacity of rangelands and suitable number of the folk in the ranch units is one of the necessities of the sustainable management of rangelands. also growth and efficiency of the productive factor would lead to the economical benefit maximum .this study was done in order to evaluate the optimal ranch size basis on th...

Rangelands of the United States provide ecosystem services that benefit society and rural economies. Native tree encroachment is often overlooked as a primary threat to rangelands due slow pace cover expansion positive public perception trees. Still, fragments these landscapes reduces herbaceous production, thereby threatening habitat quality for grassland wildlife economic sustainability anima...

In Australia, desertification tends to be associated with land degradation in the rangelands. It results from unsustainable land use and the impact of European settlement, rather than changing climate. Desertification can, however, be exacerbated or triggered by climate variability. Some of the degradation occurred in the early stages of pastoral development but the problem has continued. The e...

Understanding landscape conversion is vital for assessing the impacts of ecological and anthropogenic disturbances at regional and global scales. Since rangelands cover nearly half of the global land surface, and because a large part of rangelands is located in semi-arid ecosystems, they serve as critical land cover types for determining regional biodiversity, global biogeochemical cycles, and ...