Introduction: Nickel-titanium rotatory systems should remove dentin during the root canal preparation to promote the enlargement and tapered shape with continuously narrowing towards the apex. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the cutting ability of three NiTi rotatory systems (n = 12): ProTaper (group 1), Mtwo (group 2), and K3 (group 3). Material and methods: Thirty six maxillar...

The most unique components of Ginkgo biloba extracts are terpene trilactones (TTLs) including ginkgolides and bilobalide. Study of TTLs biosynthesis has been stagnant in recent years. Metabolic profiling of 40 compounds, including TTLs, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, were globally analyzed in leaf, fibrous root, main root, old stem and young stem extracts of G. biloba. Most of the flavonoids w...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lateral root initiation is an essential and continuous process in the formation of root systems; therefore, its quantitative analysis is indispensable. In this study a new measure of lateral root initiation is proposed and analysed, namely the lateral root initiation index (I(LRI)), which defines how many lateral roots and/or primordia are formed along a parent-root portion ...

abstract this research was conducted in toroq experimental field station, mashhad, iran, for two successive cropping seasons (2000-2002), using split plot experimental design based on complete randomized blocks with three replications. moisture stress treatments (at seven levels) were assigned to main plots, including: d1 ( full irrigation), d2 (no irrigation from one-leaf to double ridge) stag...

A commentary on Establishment of embryonic shoot–root axis is involved in auxin and cytokinin response during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis Plant tissue culture and subsequent organogenesis have been regarded as part of the scientific roots of modern plant biotechnology (Sussex, 2008). Establishments of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) are critical steps for somati...

Ginseng root is used more often than other parts such as leaf stem although extracts from ginseng leaf-stem also contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. Ginseng's leaf-stems are more readily available at a lower cost than its root. This article reviews the pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem on some diseases and adverse effects due to excessive consumption. G...

The production of seedlings is a determining factor for the establishment and success coffee plantation. objective this study was to evaluate Coffea canephora by cuttings in modified hydroponic system conventional nursery, using different containers. At end experiment, growth (height, stem diameter, total number pairs leaves, leaf area, root dry matter weight root), physiological (chlorophyll a...

Variation in floral characteristics and growth habits within the native range of North American wildflower Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. suggest potential for breeding selection efforts to develop improved cultivars commercial residential landscapes. Toward that end, experiments vegetative propagation were performed enable perpetuation unique germplasm. Stem development stag...