Predation risk may affect the allocation priorities of limiting resources by potential prey. Investment in immune function should receive reduced priority, when hosts are exposed to predators because of the costs of immune function. We tested this hypothesis by randomly exposing adult house sparrows, Passer domesticus, to either a cat, Felis catus, or a rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, for 6 h wh...

background: tumor associated antigens can be viably used to enhance host immune response.objectives: the immunomodulatory effect of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (senps) was compared between treated and untreated mice with crude antigens of 4t1 cells.materials and methods: female inbred balb/c mice (60) were injected by cancinogenic 4t1 cells causing breast cancer. after 10 days, all tumor be...

Introduction: There are significant gender differences in the epidemiology and presentation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), physiological aspects of CVDs, response to diagnostic tests or interventions, and prevalence or incidence of the associated risk factors. Considering the independent influence of gender on early dire consequences of such diseases, this study was conducted to investigate...

Background: Imatinib mesylate (IM), a strong and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been approved as the front line of treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. In spite of satisfactory results of imatinib in the treatment of patients with CML, patients with treatment failure or suboptimal response developed resistance that might be because of pharmacogenetic variants. This st...

abstract background: the increase in breast cancer incidence has enhanced attention towards breast cancer risk. the aim of this study was to determine the risk of breast cancer and risk perception of women, factors that affect risk perception, and to determine differences between absolute risk and the perception of risk. methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out among 346 women whose ...

there have been many productive methods developed so far for optimization of multiple response surface (mrs) problems. this paper tends to review the most seminal approaches in mrs and discuss the strength and weakness of each of the approaches through existing aspects in mrs. a numerical example is included to compare results by different methods. finally some of the prominent areas for future...