purpose: this study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with threshold retinopathy of prematurity (rop) in premature infants referred to farabi eye hospital during 2008-2009. since blindness and sever visual impairments will occur in a high percentage of infants stricken with threshold retinopathy, we intended to examine relationship between demographic factors and threshold retinopathy i...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none fa celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects genetically predisposed individuals upon the ingestion of gluten. it is now considered one of the most common genetic disorders in europe and asian pacific region with a prevalence of up to 2.67% of the population. the true prevalence of celiac disease may still be underestimated. studies remain lim...

Decisions in healthcare should be based on information obtained according to the principles of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). An increasing number of systematic reviews are published which summarize the results of prevalence studies. Interpretation of the results of these reviews should be accompanied by an appraisal of the methodological quality of the included data and studies. The critical a...

conclusions our meta-analysis, while not ruling out possible publication bias, showed no association between gene polymorphisms of apoc3 and the risk of nafld development in different populations in the world. evidence acquisition we performed a meta-analysis of all relevant studies published in the literature. a total of 115 clinical trials or reports were identified, but only seven trials met...

We consider a situation of full insurance coverage for prescription drugs where, at a certain point in time, people are given the opportunity to take a deductible in exchange for a lower premium. Four determinants of this premium reduction can be considered: expected out-ofpocket payments, adverse selection effects, moral hazard effects, and administration costs. The purpose of this study is to...

Self-Selection and the Efficiency of Tournaments When exogenously imposed, rank-order tournaments have incentive properties but their overall efficiency is reduced by a high variance in performance (Bull, Schotter, and Weigelt 1987). However, since the efficiency of performance-related pay is attributable both to its incentive effect and to its selection effect among employees (Lazear, 2000), i...

Background and Objective: It was hypothesized that within an invasively treated group and within a group that improved in angina pectoris no difference in effect size would occur between prospective and retrospective measures. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that assessment of perceived change at post-test may be invalid because of recall bias and present-state bias. Study Design and Setting: ...

The principle of loss aversion is thought to explain a wide range of anomalous phenomena involving tradeoffs between losses and gains. In this article, I show that the anomalies loss aversion was introduced to explain — the risky bet premium, the endowment effect, and the status-quo bias — are characterized not only by a loss/gain tradeoff, but by a tradeoff between the status-quo and change; a...

The functioning of animal as well as human societies fundamentally relies on cooperation. Yet, defection is often favorable for the selfish individual, and social dilemmas arise. Selection by individuals’ fitness, usually the basic driving force of evolution, then quickly eliminates cooperators. However, evolution is also governed by fluctuations that can be of greater importance than fitness d...