BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with abnormalities in financial reward processing. Previous research suggests that patients with MDD show reduced sensitivity to frequency of financial rewards. However, there is a lack of conclusive evidence from studies investigating the evaluation of financial rewards over time, an important aspect of reward processing that influences ...

We study experimentally whether anti-corruption policies with a focus on bribery might be insufficient to uncover more subtle ways of gaining an unfair advantage. In particular, we investigate whether an implicit agreement to exchange favors between a decision-maker and a lobbying party serves as a legal substitute for corruption. Due to the obvious lack of field data on these activities, the l...

The computation of counterexamples for probabilistic systems has gained a lot of attention during the last few years. All of the proposed methods focus on the situation when the probabilities of certain events are too high. In this paper we investigate how counterexamples for properties concerning expected costs (or, equivalently, expected rewards) of events can be computed. We propose methods ...

In a standard Markov decision process (MDP), rewards are assumed to be precisely known and of quantitative nature. This can be a too strong hypothesis in some situations. When rewards can really be modeled numerically, specifying the reward function is often difficult as it is a cognitively-demanding and/or time-consuming task. Besides, rewards can sometimes be of qualitative nature as when the...

The world is facing a fast global development. It requires businesses to be able compete in any developments. Companies need supported by the good Performance of employees achieve vision and mission organization. Rewards Job Satisfaction are two variables that can influence Performance. either Intrinsic Extrinsic. If both types high so as form Satisfaction, then it impact improvement employees....

Existing reinforcement learning paradigms proposed in the literature are guided by two performance criteria; namely: the expected cumulativereward, and the average reward criteria. Both of these criteria assume an inherently present cumulative or additivity of the rewards. However, such inherent cumulative of the rewards is not a definite necessity in some contexts. Two possible scenarios are p...

Using data from a larger study of caregivers of the elderly, this study explores the extent to which religiosity variables function as mediators of the effects of situational/demographic factors on perceived caregiver rewards. In the parent project, random digit dialing was used to select 136 Black and 255 White caregivers of community-dwelling elders for face-to-face interviews. Regression ana...

The primary purpose in this study was to extend theory and research regarding the motivational process in teams by examining the effects of hybrid rewards on team performance. Further, to better understand the underlying team level mechanisms, the authors examined whether the hypothesized benefits of hybrid over shared and individual rewards were due to increased information allocation and redu...

UNLABELLED Empathy--the capacity to understand and resonate with the experiences of others--can depend on the ability to predict when others are likely to receive rewards. However, although a plethora of research has examined the neural basis of predictions about the likelihood of receiving rewards ourselves, very little is known about the mechanisms that underpin variability in vicarious rewar...

Apart from everyday duties, such as doing the laundry or cleaning the house, there are tasks we do for pleasure and enjoyment. We do such tasks, like solving crossword puzzles or reading novels, without any external pressure or force; instead, we are intrinsically motivated: we do the tasks because we enjoy doing them. Previous studies suggest that external rewards, i.e., rewards from the outsi...