Medicine, as it stands today, did not develop overnight. It is the culmination of efforts of millions of people, some we know and others we do not. The flame of civilization, including medicine, started thousands of years ago. The flame has been handed over from one generation to another, and from one country to the other. Depending on who took the sacred responsibility of hosting it, sometimes...

Treatment cost is a major concern for modern medicine in developing countries like India and systematic innovative means to reduce these costs are needed. This article reviews the concept of bioenhancers to reduce treatment costs by increasing drug bioavailability. This concept, based on the Ayurvedic system of medicine, works for a wide range of ingested substances, and has been applied to mod...

The Afghan resistance sees its struggle more in terms of a "holy war" (jihad) than as a war of national liberation. In a country in which reference to the "nation" is avery recent phenomenon, where the State is perceived as exterior to society and where allegiance belongs to the local community, Islam remains the sole point of reference for all Afghans. It is only in the southern Pushtun tribal...

revolution theoreticians have declared contending and approximately incompatible theories, caused in bewilderment among concerned field enthusiasts. as a result, some have intended to categorize these theories till reduce bewilderment, and make them easier to study. one of these theoreticians is jack goldstone who at first categorized theories of revolution into three generations. but after the...

My analysis of nine prints from the collection considers the "crowd" as participants in, as well as witnesses to, the major events of the French Revolution. Descriptions of the revolutionary "crowd" in the images from this selection demonstrate the crowd's capacity to endorse or discredit prevailing political forces. That is, artists portray members of the crowd as either the instigators of pol...

A. The reviewers asked to expand the links between culture, religion and discrimination. Specifically mention to page 5, line participants were subject to “discrimination by Islamic religious officials with some feeling reluctant to access medical services...." The authors have clarified the ways in which actions by the religious community influence medical providers' opinions and trans women's...

Security is an essential social and political institution for International Relations the cornerstone of Studies. In this sense, role religion increasingly relevant, recognised as a key factor in global politics. With regard to Islam, its examination has been marked by phenomena terrorism or other revolutionary processes their direct impact on security. However, careful observation fundamental ...

The history of science is often regarded today as the progressive accumulation of techniques and the refinement of quantitative methods in the study of Nature. Such a point of view considers the present conception of science to be the only valid one; it therefore judges the sciences of other civilizations in the light of modern science and evaluates them primarily with respect to their "develop...