Th e development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in insect populations in agriculture not only depends on the level of resistance conferred by a selected resistance mechanism, but also on the fi tness cost associated with the resistance mechanism under specifi c ecological and environmental conditions. Bt resistance in the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), which was identifi ed by ...

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitors comprise an important class of drugs used in hiv treatments. however, mutations of protease genes accelerated by low fidelity of reverse transcriptase yield drug resistant mutants of reduced affinities for the inhibitors. this problem is considered to be a serious barrier against hiv treatment for the foreseeable future. in this st...

objective: aminoglycosides are highly potent, broad-spectrum antibiotics with many desirable properties for the treatment of life-threatening infections. escherichia coli (e. coli) is the most common cause of urinary tract infection (uti). antibiotic resistance has recently become prevalent. enzymatic inactivation of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes is the main mechanism of r...

background extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) production is the major resistance mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics in enterobacteriaceae. in addition, emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) in esbl-producing isolates has become a global threat for treatment of these infections. objectives we investigated the association between esbl production and quinolone resistance in ur...

in this paper, a low-cost dynamometer for rolling, steered wheels is described. the dynamometer was constructed to determine whether such an instrumented mechanism was practical. four s-beam load cells, an opto-counter and a potentiometer were used to obtain all moments, and forces using dynamic and kinematic analysis. minimal simplifying assumptions considered for the required calculations. ov...

kinematic synthesis of a trailing six-member mechanism has been carried out to achieve five precision points of an automotive steering mechanism. the inner wheel can be rotated up to forty five degrees with fair accuracy. results show that the divergent end behavior of ackermann steering mechanism has been overcome by the present mechanism. the work is similar to earlier work by the present aut...