Lemma 2 Let A be an atom and P |= A. Then A has an implication tree wrt. P . Proof: We construct a model M of P . Let |M| be the set of all terms (with variables) and let fM(~t ) := f(~t ). Let rM(~t ) be true if and only if r(~t ) has an implication tree wrt. P . We claim that M is a model of P . If B is a fact of P then for every substitution (variable assignment) θ the atom Bθ is an implicat...

Conditional independence provides an essential framework to deal with knowledge and uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, and is fundamental in probability and multivariate statistics. Its associated implication problem is paramount for building Bayesian networks. Saturated conditional independencies form an important subclass of conditional independencies. Under schema certainty, the implica...

Implication rules have been used in uncertainty reasoning systems to confirm and draw hypotheses or conclusions. However a m_jor bottleneck in developing such systems lies in the elicitation of these rules. This paper empirically examines the performance of evidential inferencing with implication networks generated using a rule induction tool called KAT. KAT utilizes an algorithm for the statis...

We investigate nite implication problems associated with key and foreign key constraints for XML data. We demonstrate that there is interaction between DTDs and these constraints, and the interaction complicates the analysis of nite implication. In particular, we establish complexity results for reasoning about two classes of constraints for XML. One class, L u , deenes unary keys and foreign k...

1. Formulation of the problem 1:1: It is necessary to represent implication in expert systems Our knowledge of complex systems is often incomplete, and therefore, we have to rely on the expert's statements, These statements are usually formulated not in mathematical terms, but in words of natural languages. Fuzzy logic is a methodology for formalizing such statements. Since a large part of expe...

Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of gynecologic malignancies associated death. Primary or acquired cisplatin resistance frequently occurred during ovarian therapy. Cancer stem cells (CSC) tend to form minimal residual disease after chemotherapy and are implicated in relapse. The ability reprogram their metabolism has recently been related with maintenance CSC chemotherapies. current st...

the effect of fungicides on silkworm larvae was analyzed with regard to the fact that these beneficial insects are usually affected by fungicides, daily feeding on 1 and 2g/liter of carbendazim, a systemic fungicide, did not have significant effects on larval and pupal mortality. however the weight of the treated larvae showed considerable weight decrease up to 37% weight.. all the economic tra...