Humans and many other animals can readily walk forward or backward. In insects, the nervous system changes the effects of sense organs that signal forces on a leg when the direction of walking is reversed.

The validity of the Horaana strain of the Culex pipiens group as Cx. pipiens pallens was studied. Judging from the fourth instar characters and morphology of the adult male genitalia, this laboratory strain is now out of the range of ordinary Cx.p. pallens in Japan, and must be identified as Cx. p. quinquefasciatus.

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassú) comprises a species complex in South America. Specimens from two localities in east Mata Atlântica were characterized both at the morphological and molecular level as An. oswaldoi s.s. Intraspecific variation of the shape of the apex of the aedeagus of the male genitalia of specimens of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi s.s. from Vale do Ribeira, M...

The musculature of the male genitalia was reviewed for the tribe Xanthorhoini and related tribes (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). The genitalia morphology of males of 11 species was discussed and illustrated, and nine paired and unpaired genital muscles identified. Muscles m1, m2(10), m5(7), m6(5), m7(6), m8(3) and m21 have similar position in all species considered in the paper. Compar...

The accurate contour delineation of the target and/or organs at risk (OAR) is essential in treatment planning for image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Although many automatic contour delineation approaches have been proposed, few of them can fulfill the necessities of applications in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Moreover, clinicians would like to analyze the characteristics of regions of...

Perception Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs. For example, vision involves light striking the retina of the eye, sme...

The present note aims to describe two alternative methods for observing genitalia in Lepidoptera. The first one provides means to examine both male and female genitalia without spoiling the scales of the abdomen, preserving it attached to the thorax and aesthetically similar to an unexamined specimen. The second one provides ways of observing certain characters on the male genitalia in a non-de...

A new species of dwarfgoby, Eviota piperata is described from Palau. It belongs to the cephalic sensory-pore system Group II (lacking only the IT pore); has a dorsal/anal-fin formula of 8/8; has some pectoral-fin rays branched; no dark spot over the ural centrum; the male genital papilla is not fimbriate; and the cheek and body are heavily peppered with chromatophores.

The Aim of the research in the Medical Engineering field is the development of the new diagnosis tool and therapeutic tools for the medical fields. One example of the research theme is an artificial internal organs based on Nano-technology. As for an implantable type artificial organ, a space for implantation is restricted. Therefore, micro device development is indispensable. Nanotechnology an...

According to Hermann von Helmholtz, sensations are signs (symbols) that external causes impress on our sense organs; those signs are then used by themind to acquire knowledge of the reality. Helmholtz’s work points out the di›culty of dening a notion of causality suitable for explaining the relation between sensations on the one hand and the physical world on the other. In fact, he states that...