This paper establishes a theoretical and empirical link between the use of aggressive mortgage lending instruments, such as interest only, negative amortization or subprime, mortgages and the underlying house price volatility. Such instruments, which come into existence through innovation or financial deregulation, allow more borrowing than otherwise would occur. Within the context of a theoret...

We investigated if the transcriptional response of Salmonella Typhimurium to temperature and acid variations was hysteretic, i.e. whether the transcriptional regulation caused by environmental stimuli showed memory and remained after the stimuli ceased. The transcriptional activity of non-replicating stationary phase cells of S. Typhimurium caused by the exposure to 45 °C and to pH 5 for 30 min...

This study investigated the asymmetric effects of oil shocks–oil price, demand and supply shocks–on military expenditure in Nigeria. Our confirmed presence short-run long-run asymmetries all three models used. Generally, positive price shocks positively influence vice versa for negative shocks. However, a shock is detrimental to expenditure.

Hemorrhagic shock causes a reduction in oxygen supply to tissues leading to increased reactive oxygen species resulting in lung injury. Often mechanical ventilation is required as supportive treatment; however, ventilation can also induce lung injury and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three modes of controlled mechanical ventilation: volume control, pressure ...

Applying microarray technology, we have investigated the transcriptome of the small bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae grown at three different temperature conditions: 32, 37 and 32 degrees C followed by a heat shock for 15 min at 43 degrees C, before isolating the RNA. From 688 proposed open-reading frames, 676 were investigated and 564 were found to be expressed (P < 0.001; 606 with P < 0.01) an...

T he world economy has experienced a bulk of positive and negative shocks in crude oil prices and exchange rates over the years, and that global inflation has undergone some changes. Such shocks have affected the macroeconomic variables in the countries of the world and have challenged the economies of these countries, and have led them to take different measures to protect themselves agai...

We conducted preference assessments with 4 typically developing children to identify potential reinforcers and assessed the reinforcing efficacy of those stimuli. Next, we tested two predictions of economic theory: that overall consumption (reinforcers obtained) would decrease as the unit price (response requirement per reinforcer) increased and that the cost and benefit components that defined...