pharmacists are members of the healthcare teams that provide valuable services to society. their incentive to deliver such services is influenced by remuneration methods. in this study, we aimed to review the remuneration models for pharmacists’ services and the factors affecting the profitability of pharmacies in some selected countries, including france, ireland, canada and turkey, and compar...

We compare personalized and history-based pricing and show that personalized pricing harms consumer surplus and total welfare when evaluated over a two-period horizon. The model is characterized by two key features: 1. The discounted two-period profits are invariant to whether personalized or history-based pricing is applied because higher period-2 profits with personalized pricing are offset b...

The right pricing of products is one of the most important issues concerning the development of companies’ financial performance. Prices should be low enough to attract customers and at the same time high enough to cover all the emerged costs and expected profits. This research illustrates how self-organizing maps (SOM) can be used for pricing purposes. We show how changes in a company’s pricin...

This paper studies congestion management based on congestion pricing as may be done by an Independent System Operator. Four main concepts are discussed: congestion pricing can lead to the same solution as an Optimal Power Flow, pricing need not have cost information available, good estimates of nonlinear cost coefficients are necessary, and pricing for congestion management is separable from pr...

We use Bayesian methods to estimate a multi-factor linear asset pricing model characterized by structural instability in factor loadings, idiosyncratic variances, and factor risk premia. We use such a framework to investigate the key differences in the pricing mechanism that applies to residential vs. non-residential (such as office space, industrial buildings, retail property) REITs. Under the...

Transitioning to a low-carbon economy will require significant investment to transform energy systems, alter the built environment and adapt infrastructure. A strategy to finance this investment is needed if the limit of a 2°C increase in global mean temperatures is to be respected. Also, high-income countries have pledged to pay the “agreed full incremental costs” of climate-change mitigation ...

Forecasting urban futures is of great importance to many in order to ensure adequate provision of public and private services and implement policies that guide demand while mitigating negative impacts. This study produces year-2030 predictions of land use and travel conditions across the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area of Texas, by integrating a gravity-based land use model (mod...

We review how technological advances and changes in regulation may shape the (future) geographical scope of banking. We first review how both physical distance and the presence of borders currently affect bank lending conditions (loan pricing and credit availability) and market presence (branching and servicing). Next we discuss how technology and regulation have altered this impact and analyse...

The restructuring of the electricity industry has spawned the introduction of new independent grid operators (IGOs), typically called transmission system operators (TSOs); independent system operator (ISOs); or regional transmission organizations (RTOs), in various parts of the world. An important task of an IGO is congestion management (CM) and pricing. This activity has significant economic i...

Several congestion pricing proposals have been made in the last decade. Usually, however, those proposals studied optimal strategies and did not focus on implementation issues. Our main contribution in this paper is to address implementation issues for congestion-sensitive pricing over a single differentiated-services (diff-serv) domain. We propose a new congestion-sensitive pricing framework D...