Muslims were introduced to modern Western philosophy during the time of colonization, when they not emotionally or mentally ready absorb it and generally skeptical anything Western. This has caused an intellectual crisis, some saw new ideas from West as a direct threat Islamic identity. The point here is why Muslim societies have always been philosophy, even though accepted all without any trou...

More knowledge on the reasons for refusal of the influenza vaccine in elderly patients is essential to target groups for additional information, and hence improve coverage rate. The objective of the present study was to describe precisely the true motives for refusal. All patients aged over 64 who attended the Medical Outpatient Clinic, University of Lausanne, or their private practitioner's of...

OBJECTIVES The expansion of pediatric-based fetal care raises questions regarding pediatric specialists' involvement in pregnancies when maternal conditions may affect pediatric outcomes. For several such conditions, we compared pediatric and obstetric specialists' attitudes regarding whether and when pediatrics consultation should be offered and their views about seeking court authorization to...

Rights of first refusal are contract clauses that, recognizing the incompleteness of contracts, are intended to provide the holder of a license or lease with some protection when the contract comes to an end. The simplest right of first refusal gives the right holder the ability to act after potential competitors. However, another common implementation of a right of first refusal requires the r...

School refusal is a phenomenon that first drew attention in Japan around 1960 and it remains one of the major issues in child psychiatry today. Moreover, it is now said that there exists a large group of latent school refusers currently attending school but harboring feelings of school avoidance. To address this issue, a questionnaire survey was conducted on students enrolled in a junior high a...

Ethical consensus and appellate court decisions view artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) as medical treatment that can be refused like other treatments. However, advance directive statutes may produce obstacles for refusal of ANH, as distinct from other life-sustaining treatments, in patients who lack capacity. This paper reviews state statutes and appellate case law regarding medical deci...

OBJECTIVES To estimate how many people object to storage of biological samples collected in health care in Sweden and to their use in research and how many withdraw previous consent. DESIGN Cross sectional study of register data. SETTING Biobanks used in Swedish health care, 2005-6. Population Data on refusal to consent were obtained for 1.4 million biobank samples per year from 20 of 21 co...