[1] GPS Radio Occultation (RO) profiling from low-Earth orbiting satellites is operationally used for numerical weather forecasting and is starting to be used for climate studies. Obtaining high-quality observations near the surface requires recording of RO signals in model-aided open loop (OL) mode by the GPS receiver. Postprocessing of the OL RO signals is different from that of the signals r...

[1] Canonical transform (CT) and full-spectrum inversion (FSI) methods can be used in processing radio occultation data to retrieve transmission profiles, which are necessary in addition to bending angle profiles for the retrieval of atmospheric humidity independent of temperature. Low Earth orbiter–low Earth orbiter cross-link occultations with X/K band frequencies can provide transmission dat...

[1] Refractivity from clutter (RFC) refers to techniques that estimate the atmospheric refractivity profile from radar clutter returns. A RFC algorithm works by finding the environment whose simulated clutter pattern matches the radar measured one. This paper introduces a procedure to compute RFC estimator performance. It addresses the major factors such as the radar parameters, the sea surface...

(Part I) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and in particular, Chronic Wasting Disease are devastating neuropathologic diseases caused by a unique, but unknown infective agent with high degree of refractivity to ordinary disinfectant and sterilization procedures. Three criteria are used to identify TSEs 1) neuronal vacoulation, 2) Scrapie Associated Fibrils, and 3) proteins resista...

Abstract Under very large vertical gradients of atmospheric refractivity, which are typical at the height planetary boundary layer, assimilation radio occultation (RO) observations into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models presents several serious challenges. In such conditions, RO bending angle profiles is an ill-posed problem, uncertainty associated with higher, and one-dimensional forwa...

In a continuation and extension of an earlier publication, the calculation refractivity polarizability organic molecules at standard conditions is presented, applying commonly applicable computer algorithm based on atom group additivity method, where are broken down into their constituting atoms, these again being further characterized by immediate neighbor atoms. The contributions, carried out...

The increased application of digital terrestrial microwave radio links in communication networks has renewed attention in techniques of estimating the probability of multipath fading distributions. Nevertheless, the unpredictable variation of the wireless transmission medium remains a challenge. It has been ascertained that the refraction of electromagnetic waves is due to the inhomogeneous spa...