The classic paradigm for MRI requires a homogeneous B(0) field in combination with linear encoding gradients. Distortions are produced when the B(0) is not homogeneous, and several postprocessing techniques have been developed to correct them. Field homogeneity is difficult to achieve, particularly for short-bore magnets and higher B(0) fields. Nonlinear magnetic components can also arise from ...

Regional climate responses to large-scale forcings, such as precessional changes in solar irradiation and increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, may be nonlinear as a result of complex interactions among earth system components. Such nonlinear behaviors constitute a major source of climate "surprises" with important socioeconomic and ecological implications. Paleorecords are key for eluci...

..................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................4 I. A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ..................................................................6 The formative years of life......................................

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Forensic investigations frequently utilize facial reconstructions/approximations to stimulate recognition and identification. Over the past 25 years, many computer-based systems have been developed, and with the recent rapid advances in medical imaging and computer technology, the current systems claim high levels of efficiency, objectivity, and flexibility. The history of computerized facial a...

..................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................4 I. A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE ..................................................................6 The formative years of life......................................

This work demonstrates the application of a method to optimize image reconstruction algorithms on the basis of the performance of specific visual tasks that are to be accomplished using the reconstructed images. The evaluation of task performance is numerically realized by a Monte Carlo simulation of the complete imaging chain, including the final inference based on the reconstructions. Fundame...

Some of the best-known reconstructions of the general argument presented in Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species attempt to show its hypothetical-deductive features. The Principle of Natural Selection is given as the necessary conclusion of the following premises: the Principles of Variation, the Struggle for Existence (sometimes referred to as Malthus’ Principle), the Variation in Fitness, and H...

The supercontinent Pangea dominated our planet from the Permian into the Jurassic. Paleomagnetic reconstructions have been used to estimate the latitudinal position of Pangea during this 100-million-year period. Atmospheric circulation, recorded by eolian sandstones in the southwestern United States, shows a broad sweep of northeasterly winds over their northernmost extent, curving to become no...

Three-dimensional numerical ocean circulation model experiments that were designed to evaluate the circulation characteristics for the mid-Cretaceous ( approximately 100 million years ago) show that the primary direction of flow through the Tethys Ocean was eastward; in contrast, a westward flowing circumglobal Tethys current has been a consistent feature of earlier reconstructions of Cretaceou...