Purines and pyrimidines are indispensable molecules of life; they fundamental for genetic code bioenergetics. From the very early evolution life purines have acquired meaning damage-associated extracellular signaller purinergic receptors emerged in unicellular organisms. Ancestral purinoceptors P2X-like ionotropic ligand-gated cationic channels showing 20–40% homology with vertebrate P2X recept...

Prostanoid receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Receptors [701]) are activated endogenous ligands prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2 , PGF2α, PGH2, prostacyclin [PGI2] and thromboxane A2. Differences similarities between human rodent prostanoid receptor orthologues, their specific roles in pathophysiologic conditions reviewed [452]. Measurement of potency PGI2 A2 is h...

Abstract Stimulation of the innate immune system is crucial in both effective vaccinations and immunotherapies. This often achieved through adjuvants, molecules that usually activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) stimulate two signaling pathways: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer activated B-cells pathway (NF-κB) interferon regulatory factors (IRF). Here, we demonstrate ability t...

Opioid analgesics are clinically used to relieve severe pain in acute postoperative and cancer pain, also the long term chronic pain. The analgesic action is mediated by μ-, δ-, κ-receptors, but currently, with few exceptions for k-agonists, μ-agonists only ones therapy. Previously synthesized compounds diazotricyclodecane cores (DTDs) have shown their effectiveness binding opioid receptors. Fo...

PC12 cells have been used extensively to study neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. However, the effects of extracellular Ca2+ on not yet sufficiently evaluated. In this study, we investigated effect calcium using HS cells, which high sensitivity nerve growth factor (NGF). The addition (1 mM) medium induced outgrowth increased intracellular concentration. contrast, calcium-sensing re...

background: androgen receptors (ar) play an important role in proliferation of cancerous prostatic cells and prevention of apoptotic signaling. current drugs cannot inhibit the activity of these receptors very well. establishment of appropriate animal models is essential for discovery of new drugs of target therapy in hormone dependent prostate cancer. materials and methods: standard prostatic ...

one of the major classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors is the class of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars). receptor activation recruits, via calcium signal transduction mechanisms which play important roles in oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial free radical production and occurrence of other mitochondrial factors which potentially contribute to excitotoxicity and neuronal death. in...

the effect of endogenous serotonin on long-term potentiation (ltp) in region cai was studied by blocking 5-ht2 receptors with ketanserin in rat hippocampal slices. such a block significantly en-hanced long-term potentiation of the cai population spike induced by high frequency stimulation of the schaffer collateral/ commissural pathway. this implies that serotonin acts on 5-ht2 receptors in cai...