How do reasons combine? How is it that several reasons taken together can have a combined weight which exceeds the weight of any one alone? I propose an answer in mereological terms: reasons combine by composing a further, complex reason of which they are parts. eir combined weight is the weight of their combination. I develop a mereological framework, and use this to investigate some structur...

Philosophers have often noted a contrast between practical and theoretical reasons when it comes to cases involving equally balanced reasons. When there are strong for A-ing, some incompatible option, B-ing, the agent is permitted make an arbitrary choice them, having sufficient reason A B. But evidence P ~ P, one isn’t simply believe or other. Instead, must withhold belief, neither believing t...

Abstract This paper addresses the question of how ‘weight’ or ‘strength’ normative reasons is best understood. We argue that, given our preferred analysis as sources support, this has a straightforward answer: weight reason simply matter much support it provides. also critically discuss several competing views and their weight. These include which take to be normatively fundamental, analyze evi...

legislation was one of the concepts and issues of intense debate among different political and religious currents in the persian constitutional era in accordance with the definitions each of these streams of thought provided for legislation and its scope in islam, various positions were held against the constitutional movement having law and legislation as part of its main principles. in this a...

What is it to have a reason? According to one common idea, the Factoring Account, you have a reason to do A when there is a reason for you to do A which you have—which is somehow in your possession or grasp. In this paper, I argue that this common idea is false. But though my arguments are based on the practical case, the implications of this are likely to be greatest in epistemology: for the p...