Survey data on physician income and work patterns are examined and compared for 1975 and 1983-84. Specialty, hours and weeks worked, location, practice size, and incorporation status are examined. Dollar figures for 1975 are adjusted to show real-dollar income changes over the period. Incomes for surgical specialties were highest. In real-dollar terms, nonsurgical specialties exhibited sluggish...

BACKGROUND The prevalence and correlates of depression vary across countries. Contextual factors such as country-level income or income inequalities have been hypothesised to contribute to these differences. AIMS To investigate associations of depression with socioeconomic factors at the country level (income inequality, gross national income) and individual (education, employment, assets and...

BACKGROUND Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is an important prevention initiative in reducing HIV/AIDS transmission. Despite current global prevention efforts, many low- and middle-income countries continue reporting low VCT levels. Little is known about the association of within- and between-country socioeconomic inequalities and VCT. Based on the 'inverse equity hypothesis,' this study ...

This paper examines the phenomenon of real-income stagnation (in which realincome growth is negligible or negative for a sizable uninterrupted sequence of years). It analyzes data for four decades from a large cross-section of countries. Real income stagnation is a conceptually distinct phenomenon from low average growth and other features of the growth sequence that have been held to be of int...

human development index (hdi) is a composite indicator that can show the impact of economic strategies on human life standards. the index is calculated by three main factors of income, education and health. this research studies the status of hdi across the iranian provinces, its changes over time and the efficiency of provinces in using resources.the data for 2001 and 2009 was obtained from th...

During the last decades the inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth in the UK have grown and led to an increasing socio-economic polarisation and dualism (Atkinson, 1996; Hills, 1996; Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1995). Although average real incomes have grown significantly, at the bottom of the scale there has been little or no rise in real income. In contrast, top incomes have ri...

changes to enhance the utility and cost-effectiveness of the program. Constance F. Citro, National Research Council, was Study Director, and Graham Kalton, Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md., was Chair of the Panel to Evaluate the Survey of Income and Program Participation, Committee on National Statistics, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. This ar...

among the food products, grains play an important role in the consumption patterns of people, especially in the developing countries. since iran's main source of public dietary energy comes directly from grains, investigating and identifying the determinants of import of these products can be an important step towards food security. most experimental studies consider import of grains as only a ...

Canada’s federal government intends to take steps to implement national pharmacare so that all Canadians have prescription drug coverage they need at an affordable price. Relatively limited funds have so far been pledged to support national pharmacare, which raises the question: what kind of program is envisioned? Since the government has already introduced regulations intended to reduce new dr...

the basic model for valuation of firm is the dividend discount model (ddm). when investors buy stocks, they expect to receive two types of cash flow: dividend in the period during which the stock is owned, and the expected sales price at the end of the period. in the extreme example, the investor keeps the stock until the company is liquidated; in such a case, the liquidating dividend becomes t...