This paper describes the impact that extreme ionospheric spatial gradients occurring during severe ionosphere storms have on GNSS Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) and how the U.S. Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) mitigates the integrity risk due to these events. Gradients in slant ionosphere delay of as large as 425 mm/km over baselines of 40 – 100 km have been observed in CONUS du...

in order to determine the best form factor formula for loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.) plantations in talesh (western guilan province-iran), a number of 110 trees were selected based on their distribution in diameter classes, from 12 to 34 cm (in a two- cm diameter interval). first, several quantitative factors including diameter at breast height, diameter at 0.65 m of height, and diameter at st...