Policy rules . . . anticipate that key causal connections observed in the past will remain fixed over time. . . . But we have found that very often historical regularities have been disrupted by unanticipated change. . . . The evolving patterns mean that the performance of the economy under any rule, were it to be rigorously followed, would deviate from expectations. . . . In an ever changing w...

We report the case of an 86-year-old man with acute left shoulder pain, followed by left limb monoparesis and a herpetic rash on the left upper limb and thoracic region. This situation presented a diagnostic challenge because of the simultaneity of symptoms attributable to Parsonage-Turner syndrome and herpes zoster neuropathy. A detailed clinical history, physical examination and electroneurom...

Four seemingly simple transformations related to the chemistry of methane will be addressed from mechanistic and conceptual points of view: 1) metal-mediated dehydrogenation to form metal carbene complexes, 2) the hydrogen-atom abstraction step in the oxidative dimerization of methane, 3) the mechanisms of the CH(4)→CH(3)OH conversion, and 4) the initial bond scission (C-H vs. O-H) as well as t...

rative reviews have been significantly increasing in most psychiatric journals in the world alongside " Psychiatry Investigation (PI) ". Since the launch of the " PI " at March 2004, there have been a number of review articles; indeed 54 papers were published as format of regular review papers or special articles in the " PI " from 2004 to 2014. However, of the 54 papers, only one review paper ...

The current framework for constructing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) is to use psychological/pedagogical theories of learning, and encode this knowledge into the tutor. However, this approach is both expensive and not sufficiently flexible to support reasoning that some system designers would like intelligent tutors to do. Therefore, we propose using machine learning to automatically deriv...

When sharing load among multiple muscles, humans appear to select an optimal pattern of activation that minimizes costs such as the effort or variability of movement. How the nervous system achieves this behavior, however, is unknown. Here we show that contrary to predictions from optimal control theory, habitual muscle activation patterns are surprisingly robust to changes in limb biomechanics...

Evolutionary algorithms are widespread heuristic methods inspired by natural evolution to solve difficult problems for which analytical approaches are not suitable. In many domains experimenters are not only interested in discovering optimal solutions, but also in finding the largest number of different solutions satisfying minimal requirements. However, the formulation of an effective performa...

This paper draws on the experiences of the author during the past fifteen years of working primarily with school, college, university and health librarians, but with occasional forays into the public and special library domains. It is written by an educationalist and teacher trainer with an interest in library development; someone who has never run a library but who has researched into them and...