BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels are associated with risk for heart failure (HF). The soluble TNF type 1 (sTNF-R1) and type 2 (sTNF-R2) receptors are elevated in patients with manifest HF, but whether they are associated with risk for incident HF is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Cox proportional hazard models, we examined the association between baseline levels of sTNF-R1 an...

In this paper, we propose and study a diffusive HIV infection model with infected cells delay, virus mature abstract function incidence rate diffusion term. By introducing the reproductive numbers for viral R0 CTL immune response number R1, show that R1 act as threshold parameter existence stability of equilibria. If R0≤1, infection-free equilibrium E0 is globally asymptotically stable, viruses...

Ribonucleotide reductases (RRs) are evolutionarily-conserved enzymes that catalyze the rate-limiting step during dNTP synthesis in mammals. RR consists of both large (R1) and small (R2) subunits, which are both required for catalysis by the R1(2)R2(2) heterotetrameric complex. Poxviruses also encode RR proteins, but while the Orthopoxviruses infecting humans [e.g. vaccinia (VACV), variola, cowp...

A classical result by Buchdahl [6] shows that for static solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-matter system, the total ADM mass M and the area radius R of the boundary of the body, obey the inequality 2M/R ≤ 8/9. The proof of this inequality rests on the hypotheses that the energy density is non-increasing outwards and that the pressure is isotropic. In this work neither of Buchdahl’...

The parabolic scalar curvature equation is a reaction-diffusion type equation on an (n − 1)-manifold Σ, the time variable of which shall be denoted by r. Given a function R on [r0, r1)×Σ and a family of metrics γ(r) on Σ, when the coefficients of this equation are appropriately defined in terms of γ and R, positive solutions give metrics of prescribed scalar curvature R on [r0, r1)× Σ in the fo...

Twelve sopranos with different levels of expertise (4 nonexperts, 4 advanced, 4 professionals) sustained pitches from A4 ( approximately 440 Hz) to their highest pitch (ranging from C6 to D7, i.e., from approximately 1000 to 2300 Hz). The frequencies of their first two vocal tract resonances (R1 and R2) were measured by broadband excitation at the mouth and compared with the voice harmonics (f(...

The vowels of European languages are primarily distinguished by the frequencies of the two lowest formants in the spectrum of the output sound, which are in turn produced by the frequencies (R1 and R2) of the first two resonances of the vocal tract [1]. Under some conditions, many singers use the strategy of resonance tuning; i.e. they tune a resonance to a harmonic of the fundamental frequency...

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic conversion of vinasse into biomethane with gradual increase in organic loading rate (OLR) in two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, R1 and R2, with volumes of 40.5 and 21.5L in the mesophilic temperature range. The UASB reactors were operated for 230 days with a hydraulic detection time (HDT) of 2.8d (R1) and 2.8-1.8d ...