Iranian graphic designers made their first efforts to create modern logotypes, called Sar- Onvan (Subtitle), in Qajar era. These works, which are considered as important parts of the background of Iranian graphic design, worth adequate attention; through studying them, we may discover their special visual expressions leading us to a better understanding of the specific social situation in Qajar...

Since man has been engaged in architecture, he has paid attention to the spiritual , inner needs and aesthetics sense too. Today, in architecture, aesthetics is limited to formal secondary factors due to lack of the systematic and applied explanation, while this concept has a more definition and is closely related to structure, details of construction, audience and environment. Iranian architec...

Travelogue, the narrative of tourists, is one of the various features of the host lands. The description of destination communities is generally done from the point of view of the tourist and based on backgrounds, history records and some mental stereotypes. Attention to Iranian carpets in the travelogues of Western tourists has always been accompanied by a kind of judgment about its uses and q...

European tourists in their reports from Guilan in the Qajar era, also have addressed the issue of health and deadly diseases affecting lives of people, such as rice fever, malaria, cholera, and plague in addition to pointing out the numerous social tragedies. From these tourists’s point of view, the weather conditions, geographical location, livelihood and some living and social habits and beha...

Architecture and urbanism of Iran and consequently, the house architecture in the Qajar and the first Pahlavi periods has changed greatly. Gorgan city's architecture, like other places in Iran, has received different developments which has made structure of historic houses of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi different from each other. These developments at the physical field have led to changes ...