The Air Force in Nigeria is a compelling subject for sociological enquiry, with an entirely different formative process to the Army. At its inception 1964, Army officers, not career airmen, commanded force until 1975. However, whereas cast long shadow over NAF identity, had other institutional pathologies. “Quota System” of ethnicized recruitment within military, introduced balance out ethnic r...

One of the Bitcoin’s innovations is the Proof of Work puzzle (aka scratch-off puzzle) as a consensus protocol for anonymous networks without pre-established PKI. Bitcoins based on the Proof of Work puzzle have been harshly blamed today for problems such as energy wasted and not easily scalable. In this paper, we construct a novel Proof of Transaction(PoT) puzzle, and prove that PoT puzzle satis...

How do state and protester violence affect whether protests grow or shrink? Previous research finds conflicting results for how affects protest dynamics. This article argues that expectations emotions should generate an n-shaped relationship between the severity of repression changes in size next day. Protester reduce appeal protesting increase expected cost protesting, decreasing subsequent si...

In this paper, we consider the following sliding puzzle called torus puzzle. In an m by n board, there are mn pieces numbered from 1 to mn. Initially, the pieces are placed in ascending order. Then they are scrambled by rotating the rows and columns without the player’s knowledge. The objective of the torus puzzle is to rearrange the pieces in ascending order by rotating the rows and columns. W...

This paper presents a puzzle about justification and withholding. The puzzle arises in a special case where experts advise us to not withhold judgment. My main thesis is simply that the puzzle is genuinely a puzzle, and so leads us to rethink some common assumptions in epistemology, specifically assumptions about the nature of justification and doxastic attitudes. Section 1 introduces the commo...

Rabern and Rabern (2008) and Uzquiano (2010) have each presented increasingly harder versions of 'the hardest logic puzzle ever' (Boolos 1996), and each has provided a BLOCKIN BLOCKIN two-­‐question BLOCKIN BLOCKIN solution BLOCKIN BLOCKIN to BLOCKIN BLOCKIN his BLOCKIN BLOCKIN predecessor's BLOCKIN BLOCKIN puzzle. BLOCKIN BLOCKIN But BLOCKIN BLOCKIN Uzquiano's BLOCKIN BLOCKIN puzzle BLOCKIN BL...