noise is one of the major hazardous occupational exposures and one of the occupations at risk is the transportation industry. however, few studies have measured and reported the amount of noise exposure in drivers. in this study, we evaluated noise exposure among the public transportation bus drivers of one major iranian city, kerman, southeast iran. eighty public transportation buses in the st...

OBJECTIVES To describe the development and test-retest reliability of OHCITIES, an instrument characterising alcohol urban environment in terms of availability, promotion and signs of consumption. DESIGN This study involved: (1) developing the conceptual framework for alcohol urban environment by means of literature reviewing and previous alcohol environment research experience; (2) pilot tes...

Background: Ciclovias, known in the U.S. as open streets initiatives, close streets to vehicles to increase open space and physical activity opportunities for local communities. In San Francisco, California, the open streets initiative known as Sunday Streets, was founded in 2008 to promote bicycle use in neighborhoods most underserved for recreational resources and experiencing higher than ave...

Monika Kopacz, Daniel J. Jacob, Daven Henze, Colette L. Heald, David G. Streets, Qiang Zhang 1 Division of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 3 Center for Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 4 Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National...

pay attention to the public transportation, cycling and pedestrian oriented development (pod) and car-free streets can increase the quality of urban spaces and create more secure pedestrians with psychological comfort for human. old urban fabric with hidden physical, historical, and cultural values has been the best evidence of urban identity and meanwhile, the life and growth of this fabric ha...

Among other risks, contemporary cities are exposed to terrorism. In addition being sensitive targets, recent events in Europe have underlined the relevance of public open spaces (squares, streets, etc.) as particularly defenseless parts Urban Built Environments (UBEs). Despite fact that previous theoretical studies about radicalism highlighted “regional” dimension threat, assessment terroristic...

The urban street network is one of the most permanent features of cities. Once laid down, the pattern of streets determines urban form and the level of sprawl for decades to come. We present a high-resolution time series of urban sprawl, as measured through street network connectivity, in the United States from 1920 to 2012. Sprawl started well before private car ownership was dominant and grew...

Future computing systems interact with a large number of users moving around buildings and streets. In this paper, we propose an example of such systems and how to evaluate ubicomp systems equipped with a large-scale physical environment that includes a large number of people inside. In our emergency guidance system, off-site guiding staff monitors a crowded large-scale public space to understa...

Over recent decades, the study of psychological restoration has attracted a considerable amount of interest within and without the boundaries of environmental psychology, with most of the work focused on analyzing restoration in natural contexts. However, little attention has been paid to the (possible) restorative potential of urban settings, as they have usually been expected not to be restor...