creating joint-use libraries, backed to 100 years ago, unfortunately many countries have not yet began to build such libraries. regarding the increasing number of libraries, the most important issue for interaction between libraries as places of intellectual life and centers for activities is to create joint-use libraries and information places for the public. it is obvious that building such n...

Nowadays high trend of human machinery life, high utilizing vehicles, avoiding urban public place along with neglecting identity, cultural and social values of these places make that the places in urban different scales dismiss their importance and real role. In recent decades, designing public places in urban different scales has been considered as awesome effort to meet human social needs. Th...

BACKGROUND Governments use law to constrain aspects of private activities for purposes of protecting health and social wellbeing. Policymakers have a range of perceptions and beliefs about what is public or private. An understanding of the possible drivers of policymaker decisions about where government can or should intervene for health is important, as one way to better guide appropriate poli...

One of the most important threats to global public health, especially in developing countries is parasitic infections. These infections are very common in children and young people especially those who kept in kindergarten and primary schools. Because of the high population density and sometimes by the lack of adequate hygiene, these places are prone to parasitic infections. Infestation causes ...

Research on fear of crime typically examines the perceptions of those who fear, emphasizing women's experiences of vulnerability in public space. In this paper, I invert this practice to examine instead men's experiences of being feared in public spaces. Drawing on interviews with 82 male college students, I use a social constructionist approach to examine how men's experiences of being feared ...

This study presents research findings to inform the design and development of innovative mobile services aiming to enable collocated people to interact with each other in public urban places. The main goal of this research is to provide applications and deliver guidelines to positively influence the user experience of different public urban places during everyday urban life. This study describe...

BACKGROUND Annually, 600 000 deaths are attributed to exposure of non-smokers to secondhand smoke (SHS). These include 165 000 among children, about 60% of which occur in Africa and Southeast Asia. As of 2017, only seven countries in the African region had comprehensive smoke-free legislation covering all public places. Given the increasing prevalence of smoking in many low-income countries, pr...