Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the various steel alloys, The only difference between iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that...

Pulse deposition of 2.4 T Co37Fe63 alloy in photoresist features with 40 nm critical dimension and high aspect ratio is presented. The design of the pulse deposition parameters is described in terms of the transport limitations through the diffusion layer, electrochemical interface stability with respect to Fe(OH)3 precipitation, and the optimum conditions for additive (Saccharin) adsorption. T...

We prepared a new V-Rh(111) alloy with (2×2) surface geometry. The alloy system and the adsorption of CO were investigated by the photoelectron spectroscopy of the valence and core states using synchrotron radiation, and by temperature-programmed thermal desorption spectroscopy (TPD). The obtained results indicate that the vanadium atoms in the prepared alloy were situated mainly in the subsurf...

Effects of static electropulsing on microstructure and elongation of the ZA 22 alloy were studied by using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was found that the current density of electropulsing treatment (EPT) was one of the factors that influenced microstructural changes and dislocation structure in the EPT alloy. The identity of the microstructur...

This thesis presents an extension of the Alloy specification language with the standard imperative programming constructs, allowing for the natural specification of dynamic systems. Using this extension, programmers can express stateful behavior directly, mixing declarative and imperative styles as desired. A relational semantics for the new imperative constructs will ensure that specifications...

Materials with differing surfaces have been developed for clinical implant therapy in dentistry and orthopedics. This study was designed to evaluate bone response to titanium alloy containing Ti-32Nb-5Zr with nanostructure, anodic oxidation, heat treatment, and ibandronate coating. Rats were randomly assigned to two groups for implantation of titanium alloy (untreated) as the control group and ...

An experimental study is reported of fracture healing in the femora of 36 Beagle dogs, comparing the results of using stainless steel plates with those of using less rigid titanium alloy plates. The alloy plates led to the appearance of a small amount of periosteal callus without any histological evidence of fracture instability, thus allowing the radiological assessment of fracture union. This...

Purpose: The main objective of this study was development of determination of phase fraction methodology in cast magnesium alloy containing aluminum and rare earth elements. Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted on magnesium alloy containing 4 %wt. aluminum and 4 %wt. mixture of rare earth elements (mischmetal) in the as-cast condition. The mischmetal includes cerium, lanthanum, ...

Both a Cu-26 wt % Ag (Fe-free) alloy and Cu-26 wt % Ag-0.1 wt % Fe (Fe-doping) alloy were subjected to different heat treatments. We studied the precipitation kinetics of Ag and Cu, microstructure evolution, magnetization, hardness, strength, and electrical resistivity of the two alloys. Fe addition was incapable of changing the precipitation kinetics of Ag and Cu; however, it decreased the siz...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of high-noble gold-platinum alloy samples (18 + 8 Rafinerija plemenitih kovina, Zagreb, Hrvatska), in a phosphate buffer pH 6.0. The aim of the study was to determine the type and amount of released metal ions from the alloy, and to evaluate how the time of exposure to the phosphate buffer pH 6.0 influences the release of metal ions from the al...