Intraduodenal infusion of lipid or protein potently reduces subsequent energy intake. There is evidence that the underlying mechanisms differ significantly between the two nutrients. While intraduodenal lipid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 and CCK much more than protein, the release of insulin and glucagon is substantially greater in response to protein. Ghrelin and PYY are both involved in...

spectra from the membranes are very similar to those of aqueous bilayers of the extracted lipids. Protein-lipid interactions are revealed in this system by the sensitivity of membrane-associated enzymic activities to structural transitions detected in the lipid-bilayer component of the membrane. The cytochrome oxidase complexes are a convenient experimental model in which it is possible to vary...