introduction: the purpose of the present study was to quantify and compare the amount of extruded debris from apical foramen after instrumentation of the root canal system with hand and rotary instruments. materials and methods: root canals of forty five fresh extracted single rooted human teeth with mature apexes and less than 15 degree of root curvature were instrumented in group a with stain...

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Protaper Universal,R-Endo,Peezo Reamer for gutta percha removal during re-treatment by stereomicroscopic analysis. Materials and methods: A total of 20 extracted human maxillary single rooted teeth were selected. Canal preparation was carried out by the sequential use of Kfiles up to size 30 at working length and then divided into one con...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of dentinal microcracks caused by different preparation techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS 120 extracted human mandibular incisor teeth were divided into five experimental groups and one control group (n = 20): Group 1: Hand preparation with balanced force technique up to #25 K-file. Group 2: Preparation with only ProTaper...