Problems like windup or rollover arise in a PI controller working under saturation. Hence antiwindup schemes are necessary to minimize performance degradation. Similar situation may occur in a Proportional Resonant (PR) controller in the presence of a sustained error input. Several methods can be employed based on existing knowledge on PI controller to counter this problem. In this paper few su...

Anticipation of periodic events signalled by a time marker, or interval timing, has been explained by a separate pacemaker-counter clock. However, recent research has added support to an older idea: that memory strength can act as a clock. The way that memory strength decreases with time can be inferred from the properties of habituation, and the underlying process also provides a unified expla...

The scientiic instrumentation on board the X-ray Astronomy Satellite BeppoSAX includes a Medium Energy Concentrator Spectrometer (MECS), operating in the energy range 1.3?10 keV, which consists of three units, each composed of a grazing incidence Mirror Unit and of a position sensitive Gas Scintillation Proportional Counter. The design and performance of the MECS instrument are here described, ...

I have spent 8 weeks at the Remeis Observatory in Bamberg, Germany, working on X-ray astrophysics. Starting with some research on the physical model of a neutron star, I changed to timing analysis, extracting pulse profiles from around 5,000 observations carried out with the proportional counter array (PCA) of the RXTE satellite. Besides gaining some insight into high energy astrophysics, I con...