An informed understanding and appreciation of blood related crime scenes is only achieved through practical experimentation of simulated blood spatter. Because of the increasing frequency of the HIV, Hepatitis B and C viruses, the use of human blood may be hazardous for those involved in such experimentation. Porcine (pig) blood has been cited by some as a reasonable alternative, and this paper...

This paper assesses the importance of intellectual property (IP) protection for innovation in the context of a model of the industry dynamics in which business niches can be monopolized by the holders of valuable IP. Successfully developed innovations add to the stock of valuable IP but also detract from it by turning some older IP invaluable. IP may also turn invaluable as a result of imitatio...

An equational theory decomposed into a set B of equational axioms and a set Δ of rewrite rules has the finite variant (FV) property in the sense of Comon-Lundh and Delaune iff for each term t there is a finite set {t1, . . . , tn} of →Δ,B-normalized instances of t so that any instance of t normalizes to an instance of some ti modulo B. This is a very useful property for cryptographic protocol a...

In this paper, some properties of the periodic shadowing are presented. It is shown that a homeomorphism has the periodic shadowing property if and only if so does every lift of it to the universal covering space. Also, it is proved that continuous mappings on a compact metric space with the periodic shadowing and the average shadowing property also have the shadowing property and then are chao...

Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring with completion b R. When R has the approximation property, we prove an approximation result for complexes with finitely generated homology. This is used to investigate descent of semidualizing complexes from b R to R. We show that, if R has the approximation property, then there is a bijective correspondence between semidualizing b R-complexes and s...

Let A be a unital separable amenable C∗-algebra and C be a unital C∗-algebra with certain infinite property. We show that two full monomorphisms h1, h2 : A → C are approximately unitarily equivalent if and only if [h1] = [h2] in KL(A,C). Let B be a non-unital but σ-unital C ∗-algebra for which M(B)/B has the certain infinite property. We prove that two full essential extensions are approximatel...

Let E be a row-finite directed graph. We prove that there exists a C∗algebra C∗ min (E) with the following co-universal property: given any C∗-algebra B generated by a Toeplitz-Cuntz-Krieger E-family in which all the vertex projections are nonzero, there is a canonical homomorphism from B onto C∗ min (E). We also identify when a homomorphism from B to C∗ min (E) obtained from the co-universal p...

We show a transitivity property of nonlocal correlations: There exist tripartite nonsignaling correlations of which the bipartite marginals between A and B as well as B and C are nonlocal and any tripartite nonsignaling system between A, B, and C consistent with them must be such that the bipartite marginal between A and C is also nonlocal. This property represents a step towards ruling out cer...

We say that a countable linear ordering L is countably complementable if there exists a linear ordering L, possibly uncountable, such that for any countable linear ordering B, L does not embed into B if and only if B embeds into L. We characterize the linear orderings which are countably complementable. We also show that this property is equivalent to the countable version of the finitely faith...

The ability to control the microstructures and physical properties of hetero-epitaxial functional oxide thin films and artificial structures is a long-sought goal in functional materials research. Normally, only the lattice misfit between the film and the substrate is considered to govern the physical properties of the epitaxial films. In fact, the mismatch of film unit cell arrangement and the...