nowadays, air pollution in cities with regard to its harmful outcomes has been turned into one of the serious challenges in urban management. pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and the aerosols that are known to be among the most important factors related to heart, vascular, and lung disease, have underlined public welfare and health, and the organizations concerned with community h...

 ABSTRACT Study design: A cross-sectional non-experimental study. Objectives: To collectively detect the reliability and feasibility of the five types of clinical tests that have been used to measure endurance of the trunk muscles in subjects with and without low back pain (LBP) and identifY the sensitivity of each test to predict the probability of the occurrence ofLBP. Background: Testing spi...

This paper investigates a fundamental conflict in the literature on people’s probability estimation. Research on ‘perception’ of probability shows that people are accurate in their estimates of probability of various simple events from samples. Equally, however, a large body of research shows that people’s probability estimates are fundamentally biased, and subject to reliable and striking fall...

Coherent judgment is a cardinal feature of rational cognition. Six experiments revealed systematic violations of coherence in probability judgment in which participants assigned different probabilities to mathematically equiprobable events. Experiments 1-5 revealed a strict refocusing effect: Compared to an occurrence frame, a non-occurrence frame resulted in higher estimates if base-rate evide...

Abstract We present a meta–analysis of independent studies on the potential implication in the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD) of the single–nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the –308 position of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF–α) gene. We use Bayesian analysis to integrate independent data sets and to infer statistically robust measurements of correlation. Bayesian hypothesis te...

the flowering phase of apple trees is the most critical step in relation with low temperatures and frost events. therefore, forecasting the time of flowering is important. if a model can predict the exact time of flowering, it would be feasible to care for flowers agianst late spring freezing (lsf). in this study, we evaluated three temperature-base chilling models namely: chilling hours (ch), ...