We first provide an overview of the better-known network approaches for assuring anonymity and privacy over networks. These approaches include anonymous communication networks such as MIX network, Onion Routing network, Crows system and Freedom network. We also examine peer-to-peer networks such as OpenPrivacy and JXTA. We then analyze their effectiveness and the possible attacks to these netwo...

The focus of this paper is on the trade-off between cost efficiency and access in the choice of the optimal mix of public and private provision in universal health systems. We model a simple health care market in which the regulator acts as a third payer. Patients need one unit of medical service and differ in the severity of illness. A private and a public hospital are available. The private m...

Network coding allows the routers to mix the information content in packets before forwarding them. This mixing has been theoretically proven to maximize network throughput [1, 44, 40, 29]. For multicast communications it can be done in a distributed manner with low complexity, and is robust to packet losses and network failures [24, 46]. Furthermore, recent implementations of network coding fo...

The language MIX consists of all strings over the three-letter alphabet {a, b, c} that contain an equal number of occurrences of each letter. We prove Joshi’s (1985) conjecture that MIX is not a tree-adjoining language.

Background The engagement of private practitioners in the public-private mix of tuberculosis (TB) management started in 2007 in Lagos State Nigeria. This study compared the treatment outcomes of patients managed at private for profit (PFP) and private not for profit (PNFP) directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) facilities. Methods A retrospective review of treatment cards of TB patie...