background; environmental gamma ray refers to the gamma radiation from terrestrial sources and building materials. in enclosed spaces radiation can become a health hazard leading to potential increase in the rates of lung cancer. the goal of this study is to assess the exposure to natural gamma radiation of children in the schools of zanjan province. method; the natural gamma radiation was asse...

background: in order to provide better advice for prevention of obesity and eating disorders among children, there is a need to have more knowledge of their dietary patterns. this study examined meal and snacking patterns of primary school children in tehran. methods: a total of 761 male and female primary school children from all educational areas in tehran were recruited in a cross‑sectional ...

background:physicians constitute a considerable professional influential group; they may be most suited for tobacco use prevention and smoking cessation intervention among the growing tobacco using population. methods:we assessed tobacco cessation knowledge and practice done by 91 physicians in two blocks of khurda district by using modified version of survey instrument developed by francisco g...

background: patients which have diagnosed with a cancer, have a life time risk for developing another de novo malignancy depending on various inherited, environmental and iatrogenic risk factors. cancer victims could survive longer due to settling treatment modalities, and then would likely develop a new metachronous malignancy. this article aims to report our observed trend of increasing, in p...

background: some congenital defects can be prevented in the pregestational stage. however, many health professionals are not prepared to provide counselling to couples regarding the same. objective: this study aimed to assess the performance of doctors and nurses from a primary health-care unit in florianopolis, brazil, in preventing birth defects in the preconception period based on the recomm...

Recognizing the advantages of primary care as a means of improving the entire health system, this text comments on reforms of publicly funded primary health centers, and the rapid development of private forprofit providers in Sweden. Many goals and expectations are connected to such reforms, which equally require critical analyses of scarce resources, professional trust/motivation and business ...

abstract background: primary hyperparathyroidism is autonomous production of parathyroid hormone. after removal of adenoma, one of the surgeons concern is postoperative hypocalcaemia. there is no precise method to determine if patients have hypocalcaemia postoperatively. the purpose of this study was to determine the relation between parathyroid adenoma weights, postoperative serum calcium and ...

primary de novo intraosseous carcinoma is a rare neoplastic lesion which commonly occurs in the jaws. it is an epithelial odontogenic malignancy arising from odontogenic epithelial residues in the bone rather than from a preexisting epithelial lesion. in the present case report, the clinical, radiological and histological features of primary de novo intraosseous carcinoma are discussed and its ...

background: primary dysmenorrhea refers to the occurrence of painful menstrual cramps of uterus and is considered as a gynecological complaint. the common treatment for this problem is medical therapy such as mefenamic acid [non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (nsaids)] and oral contraceptive pills, both of which work by reducing myometrial activity. fennel contains an antispasmodic and aneth...

purpose: the objective of this study was to identify possible risk factors associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (poag). methods: a case-control study included patients seen at rasoul-akram hospital ophthalmology clinic. cases were consecutive patients with confirmed unilateral or bilateral poag presented during the study period. controls were a random sample of all other patients aged 30...