There are currently large numbers of rainfall retrieval algorithms based upon passive microwave radiances. Most of these algorithms are physically based in that they use explicit physical assumptions to derive relationships between brightness temperatures (Tb’s) and rainfall. If these assumptions involve observable quantities, then the physical basis of the algorithms can be extended to determi...

Over the period of January 10 to the 18 2003, a student research team obtained snowfall measurements and weather data at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) in the vicinity of Steamboat Springs Colorado. These measurements were obtained in sequential collections of every three hours around the clock. The team registered four snowfall events with different water-equivalent precipitation amounts. Three-h...

We examine the diurnal cycles of deep convection and precipitation in the Southern Amazon region, using mainly the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, contrasting a year of drought (2004-2005) with a “normal” year (2005-2006). MODIS 550nm aerosol optical thickness data and TRMM 3B42 precipitation products were also used to investigate whether a significant relationship between these two parameter...

This paper presents a critical review of a number of popular methods that have been developed to retrieve cloud and precipitation properties from satellite radiance measurements. The emphasis of the paper is on the retrieval uncertainties associated with these methods, as these shape future data assimilation applications, either in the form of direct radiance assimilation or assimilation of ret...

This paper presents the operational implementation of a 1D+4D-Var assimilation system of rain affected satellite observations at ECMWF. The first part describes the methodology and performance analysis of the 1D-Var retrieval scheme in clouds and precipitation that uses SSM/I microwave radiance observations for the estimation of total column water vapor. The second part shows the global and lon...

A co-precipitation method was used for synthesis of pure MgTiO3 ceramic powder with Mg(NO3)2.6H2O, TiCl4 or C12H28O4Ti and NaOH as raw materials. In this method, solutions of 1 M, Mg (NO3)2 6H2O and 2 M, NaOH were prepared. A stoichiometric amount of Ti precursors from TiCl4 or C12H28O4Ti was weighted. Solutions of Mg (NO3)2. 6H2O and Ti precursor were added dropwise to NaOH solution unde...

This paper describes the latest improvements applied to the Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF), particularly as they apply to the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Most of these improvements, however, are conceptual in nature and apply equally to other passive microwave sensors. The improvements were motivated by a notable overestimation of precipitation in the intertropical converge...

The combination of active and passive microwave sensors on board the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite have been used to construct observationally constrained databases of precipitation profiles for use in passive microwave rainfall retrieval algorithms over oceans. The method uses a very conservative approach that begins with the operational TRMM precipitation radar algorith...