Recently, the Federal Circuit in Knorr-Bremse v. Dana overruled almost twenty years of precedent by striking down the adverse inference doctrine, which had created a negative presumption against any alleged patent infringer for failing to obtain and disclose a patent opinion letter at trial. The decision, while strongly supported by numerous intellectual property and business associations, has ...

Echolocation, while a useful skill for visually impaired people, is difficult to learn because humans naturally suppress environmental echoes. However, if the echoes are enhanced compared to environmentally normal echoes, they may therefore help to ease echolocation learners into the learning process. Blind and sighted participants discriminated enhanced echoes in two 2-interval forced choice (...

Background: Relationships are the foundation of human social life. If this relationship is well established in academic environments, educational objectives are more conveniently obtained. The aim of this studyDetermining factors affecting student- professor relationship in performing educational and learning activities from the perspective of male and female  apprentices, interns and Assistant...

Distributed applications are realized by the cooperation of a group of multiple objects. In the group cooperation, objects send and receive messages in various ways. A message is multicast to objects in the group. In addition, multiple types of messages are sent in parallel to multiple destinations. Then, an object waits for messages from all objects and some of the source objects, i.e., in con...

Sexual harassment is perceived to be a major impediment to female labor force participation. Using novel data on all workplace sexual harassment precedent in US Circuit Courts from 1982-2002, we exploit the random assignment of US appellate judges and the fact that a judge’s gender and party of appointment predict decisions in sexual harassment cases to demonstrate the causal impact of pro-plai...

The general purpose of this work is to analyze the overlap between organizational identification and commitment. Specifically, our study focuses on the analysis of the differences and similarities between sense of belonging (a dimension of organizational identification) and affective commitment (a dimension of organizational commitment). In order to do this, we analyzed their discriminant valid...