the problem of designing a set of routes with minimum cost to serve a collection of customers with a fleet of vehicles is a fundamental challenge when the number of customers to be dropped or picked up is not known during the planning horizon. the purpose of this paper is to develop a vehicle routing problem (vrp) model that addresses stochastic simultaneous pickup and delivery in the urban pub...

patient noncompliance to current tuberculosis (tb) therapy owing to multidrug administration daily leads to treatment failure and emergence of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant tb. to avoid the daily dosing, application of nanotechnology is the only viable solution by virtue of sustained release of drugs. other potential advantages of the system include the possibility of selec...

recent advances in nanotechnology have rapidly developed new therapeutic and diagnostic concepts in all aspects of medicine. magnetic nanoparticles (mnps) can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field, thus providing promising tools for several biomedical applications. mnps contrast agents at low concentrations offer the potential to significantly improve existing methods o...

background: to assess the effect of method of delivery on women's mental health to improve of health status. methods: eleven hundred healthy women who had recently either normal vaginal delivery (nvd) or cesarean section (cs) were studied 6 week after delivery in 2005. the data were collected with using the 36-items short-form (sf-36) questionnaire by interviewing method. spss software version ...

background: according to the world health organization, the acceptable range for cesarean delivery is only 10-15% of the total delivery. increased  rate of cesarean can increase maternal mortality rate. statistics from provinces in iran shows that the rate of unnecessary caesareans is growing in the country. methods: this qualitative research evaluated the comments of 20 mothers who had caesare...

abstract background: noorabad-e-mamasani has the highest rate of delivery by cesarean section in fars province. cesarean section, as a large surgical operation, is accompanied with some side effects that sometimes get very dangerous and rarely lethal. the present investigation aims to determine the effects of a health belief model-based educational intervention on decreasing cesarean sections a...

objective: to evaluate the increased rate of cesarean section in recent decades and natural desire of women probably due to social, economic& cultural issues in our country. while that in many cases, vaginal delivery can be replaced by unnecessary cesarean. in the absence of need the trend of cesarean section has implications for both future healthy populations and the equitable distribution of...

background and aim: considerable increase in the rate of cesarean section is currently a major health challenge in our country, iran. cesareans are performed mostly without having a medical indication and due to pregnant women’s negative attitude to normal vaginal delivery. this study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral training in changing nulliparous women...

conventional transdermal drug delivery systems (tdds) have been designed for drug delivery through the skin. these systems use the permeability property of stratum corneum, the outermost surface layer of the skin. applying polymeric micro and nanofibers in drug delivery has recently attracted great attention and the electrospinning technique is the preferred method for polymeric micro-nanofiber...

nicotine transdermal systems are being used as an aid to smoking cessation programs. as the kinetics of nicotine delivery is important in success of a smoking cessation program, rapid and high input of nicotine is required, which is not possible by passive methods and requires enhancement strategies such as iontophoresis. iontophoretic permeation, of nicotine looks promising, based on published...