during the recent decades, urban management in iran has increasingly confronted numerous challenges due to different kinds of social, cultural, political, executive, financial, and legal factors. the present study is going to specify and analyze the aforementioned challenges in the domain of the urban environment in order to determine how far they have been effective, how they have been priorit...

17 We fit a bioenergetics model based on a balance between mass and temperature-dependent 18 anabolic and catabolic factors to growth data for juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus 19 mykiss) from California. We grew fish from a small coastal stream (Scott Creek) conser20 vation hatchery and a Central Valley (Coleman National Fish Hatchery on Battle Creek, 21 Sacramento River) production hatch...

The lifecycle theory of saving and consumption predicts that changes in an economy’s rate of economic growth will affect its aggregate saving rate by changing the lifetime resources of younger people relative to older people. However, studies that track the saving behavior of cohorts of household heads over time as they age have yielded estimates of age-saving profiles that are too flat for gro...

This paper uses two classes of multidimensional indices to measure countries’ evolution towards the achievement of United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our results suggest that improvements in the different MDGs tend to be uncorrelated among them and, on average, countries are largely offtrack in their way towards MDGs achievement. This evolution has been highly uneven across co...

Discussion The PC population is not structurally different than the asymptomatic population. It will be the growth, in pathologic context, which disturb parameters. A lumbar lordosis which is not correlated with PI have to be consider like a result of the disease (postural troubles, neuro-motor disorders related with growth,...) and require a specific and early evaluation and treatment. Authors...

BACKGROUND Demographic models are widely used in conservation and management, and their parameterisation often relies on data collected for other purposes. When underlying data lack clear indications of associated uncertainty, modellers often fail to account for that uncertainty in model outputs, such as estimates of population growth. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We applied a likelihood ap...

We show that the number of lineages ancestral to a sample, as a function of time back into the past, which we call the number of lineages as a function of time (NLFT), is a nearly deterministic property of large-sample gene genealogies. We obtain analytic expressions for the NLFT for both constant-sized and exponentially growing populations. The low level of stochastic variation associated with...

We compared the ability of four length-frequency analysis programs to generate accurate von Bertalanffy growth parameters for a population of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) of known growth rates. The four programs were ELEFAN I, Shepherd's length composition analysis (SLCA), projection matrix method, and MULTIFAN. ELEFAN failed to identify a set of parameters that qualified as a best fit. The p...