Use of gasification based on dirty fuels in markets other than syngas production for downstream chemical processes is emerging due to market changes associated with improved gas turbines, deregulation of electric power generation, as well as more and more stringent environmental regulations. Especially for the increasing quantities of opportunity fuels such as refinery residues, biomass and som...

1. The Three E’s of Sustainable Development In October 2002 the 16th Party Congress established the goal of expanding China’s economy fourfold by 2020 and defined the Three E’s strategy for economic development, energy security, and environmental protection. In pursuing these goals, China’s energy system cannot continue to expand using the current approach. The risks are that: • China will beco...

The MARKAL energy-system modeling tool was used to assess potential energy-technology strategies to 2050 for China that would enable continued economic development while ensuring energy-supply security and environmental sustainability. Our analysis suggests that continued reliance on domestic coal, which would help avoid high dependence on imported energy, is not inconsistent with achieving env...