Knowledge-based programs (KBPs) are high-level protocols describing the course of action an agent should perform as a function of its knowledge. The use of KBPs for expressing action policies in AI planning has been surprisingly underlooked. Given that to each KBP corresponds an equivalent plan and vice versa, KBPs are typically more succinct than standard plans, but imply more online computati...

today, the tourism industry is of a special significance; during the past 50 years , this industry has turned into one of the major actors in the field of international trade as well as providing significant resources for income in most of the developed and developing countries. any country defines an appropriate policy in order to attract foreign tourists. policy making in the field of tourism...

We present a planning system for selecting policies in probabilistic planning domains. Our system is based on a variant of approximate policy iteration that combines inductive machine learning and simulation to perform policy improvement. Given a planning domain, the system iteratively improves the best policy found so far until no more improvement is observed or a time limit is exceeded. Thoug...

Background Prior experience and the persisting threat of influenza pandemic indicate the need for global and local preparedness and public health response capacity. The pandemic of 2009 highlighted the importance of such planning and the value of prior efforts at all levels. Our review of the public health response to this pandemic in Pune, India, considers the challenges of integrating global ...

data are essential for scientific research and policy planning. however, there needs to be attention to data quality and the estimates and models based on those data. in addition, data need to be freely available for researchers to test new ideas and validate the work of others through replication, while respondents who provide data need to be protected. three issues concerning data are address...

This study aimed to examine the policies in the Iranian English for Academic Purposes (EAP) education and the extent to which objectives match the policies and are materialized in practice. To this end, course descriptions in the syllabi for the EAP programs were evaluated through document analysis and triangulated with the experts’ perspectives through interviews to examine the current status ...

Advocates of the green infrastructure (GI) concept claim it offers a progressive planning approach that facilitates synergies between economic growth, environmental conservation and social development. Although widely endorsed by both planning practitioners and academics, little academic literature exists critically evaluating what GI entails or the potential implications of its institutionalis...

F amily planning assistance in the US has directly advanced, supported, and helped to build the infrastructure of family planning services in over 50 countries around the world since 1965. Family planning funds, channelled through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), have allowed women and families around the world to improve their quality of life.2 Tragically, in rec...