in this study 100 cases of advanced periodontitis were compared with a control group of 100 persons. the parameters were the depth of the periodontal pockets, radiographic images, presence of inflammatory cells and different types of anaerobic bacteria in the pockets. the depth of pocket was measured by a sterile probe and the presence of inflammatory cells was determined through sterile curett...

BACKGROUND The burden of out of pocket spending for the Mexican population is high compared to other countries. Even patients insured by social security institutions have to face the cost of health goods, services or nonmedical expenses related to their illness. Primary caregivers, in addition, experience losses in productivity by taking up responsibilities in care giving activities. This situa...

Costs of administering old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) are of interest both to specialists in income maintenance and to the general public. This article presents a summary of these expenses compared with several important bases: Contribution income, benefit payments, and taxable payroll. An index is developed and used to analyze changes in administrative expense levels from...

BACKGROUND Almost 97% of the Korean population is covered by National Health Insurance and are entitled to receive the same level of insurance benefits, regardless of how much each enrollee contributes to the system. However, the percentage of out-of-pocket payments is still high. This study examines whether the incurrence of high medical expenses affects household income. METHODS We use the ...

OBJECTIVE In a study conducted in New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador, we examined the economic impact on families caring for a child with cancer. METHODS We undertook semi-structured interviews with 28 French and English families with a child diagnosed with cancer in the last 10 years. RESULTS Families who care for a child with cancer incur considerable costs during the diagnostic,...

Drugs are playing an increasingly important role in health care. However, unlike physician care and hospital care, Canadians do not have universal coverage for drugs. Generally, many employers provide drug coverage as part of employment benefits. In addition, provincial governments provide coverage to some parts of the population, generally, seniors and families on social assistance. Two import...

In recent years, several emerging economies have introduced national health insurance programs ensuring access to health care while offering financial protection from out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenses. Nevertheless, in several nations these expenses continue to increase. While recent research has emphasized the lack of funding, poor policy design and corruption as the main culprits, littl...