Previous reports (Kugelberg, Eklund, and Grimby, 1960; Grimby, 1963) have presented the results of electromyographic studies ofspinal reflexes elicited in healthy subjects by painful brief electric stimuli applied to the plantar surface of the foot. Special attention was paid to the 'reflex pattern' obtained on simultaneous recording in the short hallux flexor and extensor muscles, since the st...

This study compared the effects of solid and hinged ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) on the gait of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) who ambulate with excessive ankle plantar flexion during stance. Twelve children with spastic diplegic CP wore no AFOs for an initial 2-week period, solid AFOs for 1 month, no AFOs for 2 weeks, and hinged AFOs for 1 month. Lower extremity muscle timing...

The validity of the methods used for determination of muscle mass has not been evaluated previously. We determined muscle mass by estimating muscle volume with assumption-free stereological techniques applied to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 18 healthy untrained subjects (6 women, 12 men) aged 41 yr (29-64 yr; median, range). Muscle mass was also estimated by measuring leg circumference a...

Carcinoma cuniculatum (CC) is a rare subtype of verrucous carcinoma usually affecting the sole of the foot. It was first described in the English-language medical literature by Aird et al in 1954. The incidence of CC worldwide is unknown. It is known to commonly affect males (79-89% of the patients) in their fifties. Carcinoma cuniculatum can arise on chronic ulcer or on recalcitrant plantar wa...

BACKGROUND A high proportion of flexor digitorum longus attachment is found at the posteromedial border of the tibia, which is the most common location of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS). Therefore, plantar flexion strength of the lesser toes could be related to MTSS; however, the relationship between MTSS and muscle strength of the hallux and lesser toes is not yet evaluated due to the la...

There are not many articles about the anatomical knowledge of variable conditions sole foot, but normally this area is essential for surgeries such as reconstructive or peripheral nerve compression syndrome. In region, medial plantar (nervus plantaris medialis) innervates abductor and flexor muscles thumb. addition, there a region where receives skin sensation in foot. When it damaged exposed t...

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare proximal, local, and distal muscle morphology in women with without patellofemoral pain (PFP). Materials Methods: Proximal, thicknesses (MTs) were obtained B-mode sonography healthy (control group [CG], n = 20) PFP (PFP group, women. In addition, mass measured by the sum synergistic MTs. Data analyzed independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test,...