We study the spatial patterns formed by interacting biological populations or reacting chemicals under the influence of chaotic flows. Multiple species and nonlinear interactions are explicitly considered, as well as cases of smooth and nonsmooth forcing sources. The small-scale structure can be obtained in terms of characteristic Lyapunov exponents of the flow and of the chemical dynamics. Dif...

McGillicuddy et al. (Reports, 18 May 2007, p. 1021) proposed that eddy/wind interactions enhance the vertical nutrient flux in mode-water eddies, thus feeding large mid-ocean plankton blooms. We argue that the supply of nutrients to ocean eddies is most likely affected by submesoscale processes that act along the periphery of eddies and can induce vertical velocities several times larger than t...

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Introduction Conclusions References

These first lines of Hensen’s article (Figure 1) in the “Fünfter Bericht” (1887) translate as follows [...]

Over the millennia, phytoplankton have evolved adaptations to reduce sinking rates and increase amount of time they are able stay in photic zone; one such adaptation is increasing form resistance with larger surface areas. Spines, flattened body shape, forming chains, so forth can area slow rates. While there many plankton rate activities accessible on web, this middle high school level laborat...