Background In contrast to cigarette smoking, the association between water pipe smoking and airway hyperresponsiveness remains widely unexplored. Methods A bronchoprovocation challenge with mannitol was performed in young adults recruited at the University of Basel, Switzerland. Subjects were categorized as acute water pipe smokers (single episode of water pipe smoking, no or <0.5 pack-years ...

In the present contribution optimization and simulation methods are investigated in order to attain optimal scaling of labial organ pipes. The goal is to determine the optimal dimensions of the pipe, by which a desired steady state sound spectrum can be achieved. By modifying the geometry of the pipe body, the eigenfrequencies of the acoustic resonator can be tuned in order to amplify or repres...

BACKGROUND The Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products t...

The use of plastic as a pipe material for the transport of gas and water has increased over the last few years, attributed to the significant advantages of this material such as corrosion resistance, strengthto-weight ratio, lightness, flexibility and cost. Consequently, these pipes have a long predicted service life. One of the pipes’ joining processes is electrofusion welding. As for all kind...

ASTM A53 steel is medium carbon with 0.3% content and often used for pipe manufacturing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect post heating temperature variation on bending metallography test weld joint using GMAW process. electrode ER-70S-6. Post variations are 250oC, 300oC 350oC. result showed that welding 350oC postheating produce smallest open defect value. microstructure pe...

Aluminum pipe is one of the most widely used materials for indoor and outdoor furniture because its durable characteristics low price. In general, with aluminum material not detachable connection method permanent, namely by welding process. This design aims to a multi-case joinery that can be types I, L, T, X, XYZ, which unplugged various furniture. The qualitative conducting literature studies...