there are many indices for measuring property rights (pr) security. they may be classified into two groups: subjective proxies and objective proxies. most of the proxies are subjective. one contribution of this paper is introducing a new approach for measuring government expenditures devoted to pr protection. calculating physical capital within the introduced new approach is another contributio...

spatial and stable view is the main and inevitable principle of city physical development progmming. along this approach, and because of social, economic and natural requirements, we studied the physical development of eghlid city.the development of eghlid city is limited because of being located in a closed mountainous location. indeed, negative and destructive consequences follow improper pro...

This research has concentrated on the physical and socio-economic impacts of vegetation-based management scenarios targeting on flooding and soil erosion issues in the Ramian watersheds. The Ramian watershed with an approximate area of 24000 ha is located in Golestan, Iran. For each sub-watershed, four biological actions (activities) and 16 management scenarios have been considered. Physical im...

Molecular topology allows describing molecular structures following a two-dimensional approach by taking into account how the atoms are arranged internally through connection matrix between that part of structure. Various indices (unique for each molecule) can be determined, such as Zagreb, Balaban, and topological indices. These have been correlated with physical chemistry properties weight, b...

Physical development was assessed in 2329 Moscow schoolchildren and 1433 Kiev ones aged 8 to 11 and 15 to 17 years. The Moscow and Kiev children aged 8 to 11 years did not differ in the basic anthropometric indices of physical development and force capacities. Gracilization processes were prevalent in the Kiev schoolchildren. Statistically significant differences were established in respiratory...